买卖合同之规定准用于其他有偿合同

买卖合同之规定准用于其他有偿合同

Application by Analogy of Provisions of Sales Contract to Other Onerous Contract

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：易军
    单位：中国政法大学
    中文关键词：参照;类推适用;有偿合同;买卖合同;准用
    英文关键词：reference;application by analogy;onerous contracts;sales contract
    中文摘要：
    合同法第174条具有明显的特质与重要的功能。在规范性质上,该条为不完全法条与准用性法条,其实质是类推适用;该条表明立法者明确承认法律漏洞的存在,并明确授予民事法官宽泛的司法造法的权力。从文义上看,得参照买卖合同规定的主体应为民事法官;该条中隐含的规范模态词为"应该";该条所言参照包括全部参照(构成要件与法律效果参照)与部分参照(构成要件或法律后果参照)两种类型。就被参照的规范而言,该条所言"买卖合同"的外延应为实质意义上的买卖合同规定。就拟处理的合同纠纷而言,该条所言"其他有偿合同"是一个开放的范畴,一些兼有有偿无偿性的中间型态能否为该条所涵盖不无疑义。我国司法实践中涌现了相当数量的适用第174条的案例,但法院的说理太过简单。第174条适用中最为核心与关键的工作是类似性的认定,而合同性质当属类似性判断中最重要的因素。某有偿合同是一时性合同还是继续性合同,是财产性合同还是劳务性合同,是移转财产所有权合同还是移转财产使用权合同,是诺成合同还是实践合同,是有名合同还是无名合同等,都会对该条的适用即该有偿合同得否参照买卖合同规定产生决定性影响。在类似性判断中,尤应避免不合事宜地等量齐观。
    英文摘要：
    Currently very few studies have been carried out on Article 174 of Chinese Contract Law,which has obvious features and important functions.Article 174,which should be applied by analogy,provides for an incomplete rule and shows that the legislator admits the existence of legal loopholes in the Contract Law and explicitly gives judges a broad judicial law-making power.The literary content of this article,especially the word "should" implied in this article,suggests that only a civil judge can decide if this article should be applied to a certain issue.This paper refers to this reasoning process as "reference",which can be complete or partial.Complete reference means that articles of the sales law should be applied to a dispute by referring to both constitutive requirements and legal effects,whereas partial reference requires the reference of only one of them.The scope of "sales contract" in Article 174 should be understood as "the material provisions governing a sales contract",but it should not include the Supreme People's Court Judicial Interpretation of Sales Contracts.The meaning of "other onerous contracts" in Article 174 is still vague and has not been limited to a certain scope up to now.A number of cases referring to Article 174 have emerged in Chinese courts,but the judgments in most of them have obvious defects and were considered arbitrary because of the court's over-simplified reasoning.Scholars have provided few valuable ideas on this topic.This paper shows that the key to the application of Article 174 is the identification of the similarity between the disputed contract and the sale.The civil judge should decide if and how to apply sales law to other contracts by considering the nature of the contract,for example,whether it is an onerous or a gratuitous contract,a contract transferring ownership or a contract transferring right to the use of the object,a consensual contract or a real contract,a property contract or a service contract,etc.
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