包需求合同的法理与适用
刘承韪包需求合同的法理与适用
Jurisprudence and Application of Requirement Contract
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：刘承韪
单位：中国政法大学比较法学研究院
中文关键词：包需求合同;合同效力;履行;违约救济
英文关键词：requirement contract;validity of contract;performance;remedy for breach of contract
中文摘要：
包需求合同源自商人从事商业实践的需要，是指买方所有需求都只能由卖方满足并根据买方需求量来决定合同数量的买卖合同，是开放条款合同的典型。古典合同法对于合同条款有较为严格的要求，通常会对数量条款不确定的包需求合同持怀疑态度。但在现代合同法，包需求合同是一种数量条款约定不明但可以通过买方需求加以确定的特殊类型买卖合同。它不论在英美法系、大陆法系还是中国法中都存在合法有效的解释适用空间。数量条款的开放性为包需求合同当事人带来交易灵活性、高效率等诸多益处的同时，也使包需求合同产生容易为当事人所滥用的弊端。为兴利除弊，需要引入诚实信用原则作为包需求合同履行、解释、适用、救济的中心准则，并结合其具体类型、次级规则和个别情境等具体化手段来规范包需求合同的实践应用。包需求合同的违约救济需要在区分不同类型包需求合同的基础上，衡量损害赔偿的具体因素，考察实际履行的现实可能性，从而增强包需求合同违约救济的确定性和操作性。
英文摘要：
A requirement contract, originated from the need of the merchants' engagement in commercial practice, refers to a sales contract in which all the needs of the buyer can only be satisfied by the seller and the contract quantity is determined by the buyer's requirements, which is a typical type of contracts with open terms. Classical contract law, normally having a skeptical attitude towards the requirement contract with indefinite quantity terms, has provided for comparatively strict requirements on contract terms. But in the view of the modern contract law, a requirement contract is a special type of sales contract in which the terms on quantity are unclear but can be determined by the buyer's requirements, for which there are spaces for legitimate interpretation and application in the common law system, the civil law system and the Chinese law system. The openness of the quantity terms brings flexibility, efficiency and other advantages to the parties of a requirement contract while, at the same time, having such disadvantages as being easily abused by the parties. In order to promote the advantages and abolish the disadvantages, it is necessary to introduce the principle of good faith as the central rule of the performance, interpretation, application and remedy of requirement contract, and to regulate the practical application of requirement contract through the combination of specific means in light of specific types, sub-rules and particular context. In the determination of the remedy for the breach of a requirement contract, one should, on the basis of distinguishing different types of requirement contracts, measure specific factors of compensation for damages and review the practical possibility of specific performance, so as to increase the certainty and operability of the remedy.
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