注册商标使用中的“未改变显著特征”
付继存注册商标使用中的“未改变显著特征”
“No Alteration on Distinctive Features” in the Use of Registered Trademark
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：付继存
单位：
中文关键词：注册商标;商标使用;显著特征;商标通信模型
英文关键词：registered trademark; use of trademark; distinctive features; communication model of trademark
中文摘要：
注册商标使用的判定因“未改变显著特征”的语义不精确而有或然性，进而影响与商标专用权确认、维持与保护有关的预期，助长市场机会主义。其实，“未改变显著特征”所蕴含的法律理念是，在理性、具体化的消费者看来，实际使用的商标标志与注册商标具有相同的识别效果。该理念与定性比较分析405份裁判文书所发现的应判定为“未改变显著特征”的条件或其组合相互对应。判定“未改变显著特征”的基准类型是组合使用注册商标、增删关联元素、改变装饰元素、替换字体字形、改变元素排列方式或任意组合上述变化方式，且能够明确指代该注册商标并不易导致消费者混淆。确权裁判还认可同时使用注册商标与变化的商标标志。在形成“未改变显著特征”这一判断时，识别公用性关联元素、替代性关联元素与装饰元素应分别采用竞争必需测试、稳定对应测试与表达需要测试。相同识别效果的判断应衡量明确指代、消费者认知习惯与商标法秩序等因素。
英文摘要：
The imprecise semantics of the expression of "no alteration on distinctive features" has led to the uncertainty in the determination of the use of registered trademark, which in turn affects the anticipation relating to the confirmation, maintenance and protection of the exclusive right to the use of trademark and encourages market opportunism. In fact, the legal concept contained in "no alteration on distinctive features" indicates that, from the perspective of rational and specific consumers, an actually used trademark logo should have the same identification effect as a registered trademark. This legal concept corresponds to the conditions of what should be judged as "no alteration on distinctive features" or their combinations found through the qualitative comparative analysis of 405 relevant judicial decisions. The benchmark types of determination of "no alteration on distinctive features" include using registered trademarks as a combination, adding or deleting related elements, changing decorative elements, replacing fonts and character patterns, changing the arrangement of elements or any combination thereof, and any of them must clearly refer to the registered trademark without causing confusion among consumers. Right confirmation judgements also recognize the simultaneous use of a registered trademark and an altered trademark logo. In forming the judgment of "no alteration on distinctive features", the competition necessity test, the stable correspondence test and the expression need test should be used to define public related elements, alternative related elements and decorative elements, respectively. In the judgment of the same identification effect, factors such as explicit reference, consumer cognitive habits and trademark law order should be evaluated.
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