民法总则中非法人组织权利能力之证成
张其鉴民法总则中非法人组织权利能力之证成
Argumentation of the Legal Capacity of Unincorporated Organizations in the General Rules of Civil Law
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：张其鉴
单位：北京大学法学院
中文关键词：非法人组织;权利能力;主体属性;独立财产责任;法律实证主义
英文关键词：unincorporated organization;legal capacity;subject attribute;separate property liabilities;legal positivism
中文摘要：
《中华人民共和国民法总则》创设了非法人组织这一概念，并明确了其主体地位，但却没有赋予其像自然人、法人一样的权利能力，有违主体平等原则，应属立法缺陷。在历史渊源上，权利能力是一项主体性思维工具，初衷在于从法律层面上解决生物人与法律人作为权利主体的合一，并客观上实现了自然人与法人在人法框架下的统一。在概念使用上，权利能力是抽象立法技术的结果，是仅仅表征主体资格的空壳和标签，规范层面上有且只有主体属性。对于民事主体在具体权利范围上的差异，应该单列研究，不能与权利能力混为一谈。对于胎儿、死者等的利益保护，应该在抽象权利能力的概念框架下通过二重命题解决，不能对权利能力在主体资格意义上作具体化和切割。团体取得权利能力不以独立财产责任为必要，主要理由在于法人本质理论不以财产能力为基础，实定法上无独立责任之团体已经取得权利能力。法律实证主义决定了团体取得权利能力的基础是国家承认行为，国家对团体类型的塑造表明独立责任是其结果而非条件。非法人组织是法定民事主体，以登记和类型强制为前提，尽管缺乏财产独立性，但完全具有权利能力，立法应予明定。
英文摘要：
As a newly created concept by the General Rules of the Civil Law, unincorporated organizations are endowed with civil subject status, but not with legal capacity as natural persons and legal persons have been, which violates the principle of equal status of all civil subjects and constitutes a defect in legislation. Legal capacity was originally applied to make all natural persons civil subjects and then to unite natural persons and legal persons as civil subjects in the German Civil Code. Therefore, legal capacity is technically granted to someone to entitle him/her to be civil subject, and subject status is its sole attribute. There are two mistakes relating to the application of legal capacity in the study of civil law in China, one is to equate legal capacity with the scope of rights enjoyed by a civil subject, and the other is to employ the concept of partial legal capacity to protect the fetus, the deceased and other non-statutory subjects. To preserve the abstract theory of legal capacity, the scope of rights should be treated as a separate study completely different from legal capacity, and the concept of partial legal capacity should be abandoned to keep legal capacity indivisible. The complete independence of an organization from its members, especially in the aspect of property, is not a prerequisite for granting it legal capacity, because the doctrine of the nature of legal person is not based on separate property liabilities. The German Civil Code has granted legal capacity to certain partnerships of no separate property liabilities, and legal positivism plays a crucial role in acquiring legal capacity through registration. Consequently, unincorporated organizations registered in legal types, despite having no separate property liability, should be granted legal capacity by the legislature as statutory civil subjects.
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