防卫限度判断中的利益衡量
徐成防卫限度判断中的利益衡量
Measurement of Interests in the Determination of Limit of Defense
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：徐成
单位：北京大学法学院
中文关键词：正当防卫;防卫限度;利益衡量;法益位阶
英文关键词：justifiable defense;limit of defense;measurement of interests;status of legal interests
中文摘要：
在防卫限度判断的学说中，利益衡量是基本相适应说的核心内涵。既有研究从正当防卫的法理根据出发，对基本相适应说进行了全方位批判，并试图排除利益衡量在防卫限度判断中的应用。排斥利益衡量的做法，不仅难以体现正当防卫制度的法理基础，还会造成论者的主张自相矛盾，因而不具备合理性。正当防卫的法理根据与防卫限度判断是两个不同层面的问题，应当区别对待。根据宪法关于公民权利的规定，可以推知在防卫限度的判断中利益衡量具有必要性。因此，应当从“防卫行为是否属于能够制止不法侵害的最低手段”以及“法益关系是否失衡”两个方面，判断防卫行为是否过当。对于利益均衡性的判断，应当以法益位阶为核心进行综合分析。构成防卫过当的行为人，要么成立过失犯，减轻或者免除处罚；要么不成立犯罪，不承担刑事责任。
英文摘要：
Whether the measurement of interests should be taken into account in the determination of the limit of defense has always been a controversial issue. It is not reasonable to deny the measurement of interests on ground of "legal confirmation" and "individual right protection". The jurisprudential basis of legality of defense and the judgment of its limit are issues at two different levels and should be treated differently. According to the constitutional provisions on the citizen's right to equality, the measurement of interests in the determination of the limit of defense is necessary. Whether the defensive behavior is excessive or not should be investigated according to the two criteria of "whether the defensive measures are the minimum method to stop the unlawful attack" and "whether the interests are unbalanced". In order to determine whether interests are balanced, not only the status of legal interests, which is the core factor, but also the corresponding reasons for the status of specific legal interests should be taken into account. Apart from that, there is no need to set any exception to the rule of judgment on the limit of defensive behavior. Since the actor in the case of excessive defense has a subjective intention against unlawful act, what he has done should not be regarded as deliberate offence as defined in Article 14 of Chinese Criminal Law. Therefore, under specific circumstances, the punishment standard for negligent crime as well as the exemption clause in Article 20 Paragraph 2 of Chinese Criminal Law can be applied by analogy to those whose acts have constituted excessive defensive.
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