自然人民事权利能力差等论的批判与反思
汪志刚自然人民事权利能力差等论的批判与反思
Critique of and Reflections on the Theory of Unequal Civil Rights Capacity of Natural Person
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：汪志刚
单位：
中文关键词：自然人;民事权利能力;法律平等;民事主体
英文关键词：natural person; capacity for civil rights; legal equality; civil subject
中文摘要：
与平等论主张自然人的权利能力应具有先验性、平等性和不可放弃剥夺性不同，差等论则认为，自然人的权利能力仅具实证性、不平等性和可放弃剥夺性。这种主张不仅内含了将权利能力的予与夺作为管治工具的危险，而且误解了权利能力的概念，混淆了规范与事实、权利能力与权利，割裂了权利能力规范与其基础伦理的关系，不足为采。结婚能力等“具体权利能力”并非权利能力，而是由实施特定行为所需资格条件的设置反射出来的自由权权能。权利能力制度只负责分配主体资格，并无范围问题，也不解决权利的可有性和实享条件问题，后两个问题是权利分配问题，需要运用权利适配性考量和权利实享条件考量。自然人的权利能力除具有平等论所主张的三性外，还具有抽象整体性、规范性和潜在性。
英文摘要：
The disputes over the nature of a natural person’s capacity for rights is mainly manifested in the debate between the following two different theories. One claims that the capacity for rights is transcendental and equal, and cannot be abandoned and deprived, while the other claims that the capacity for rights is granted by national legislation, which is unequal and can be abandoned and deprived. The latter is incorrect because it not only contains the danger of taking the granting and depriving of the capacity for rights as the governing tool, but also misunderstands the concept of the capacity for rights, confuses norms and facts, confuses the capacity for rights and rights, and cuts the linkage between the norms of the capacity for rights and the ethics on which they are based. A “specific right capacity” such as the “marriage capacity”, is not the capacity for rights, but a capacity for liberty as reflected by the setting of qualifications for a specific act. The system of rights capacity is only responsible for the distribution of legal subject qualifications, but does not solve the problems of the availability of rights and the conditions for exercising rights. The latter two issues are the issues of right distribution, which need to apply the consideration of the adaptability of rights and the consideration of the conditions for exercising rights. In addition to the three characteristics advocated by the first theory, the capacity for rights of a natural person is also characterized by indivisibility, normativeness and potentiality.
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