普遍民事管辖的发展与挑战
宋杰普遍民事管辖的发展与挑战
Universal CivilJurisdiction: Its Development and Challenge
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：宋杰
单位：浙江工商大学诉讼法研究中心
中文关键词：普遍民事管辖;普遍司法管辖;酷刑公约;海牙私法公约草案
英文关键词：universal civil jurisdiction;universal criminal jurisdiction;the Torture Convention;the Proposed Hague Judgments Convention
中文摘要：
普遍民事管辖源于美国1789年《外国人侵权索赔法案》。自美国联邦法院1980年首次适用该法案以来，普遍民事管辖的理论与实践引起了国际社会的广泛关注，已发展成为与普遍刑事管辖并列的一个新领域。普遍民事管辖的发展给传统国际法规则特别是与豁免有关的规则带来了重大挑战，也给大陆法系国家带来了法律制度创新上的挑战。中国有必要在本国法律制度中确立普遍民事管辖的相关制度，并在普遍管辖议题的全球性磋商中持更具建设性的立场。
英文摘要：
The concept and practice of universal civil jurisdiction originates from the interpretation and application of the Alien Tort Claims Act in Filártiga v. Pena-Irala in 1980 by the United States federal court. After this new dimension emerged, especially after the decision of the United States Supreme Court delivered in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, it has attracted attentions of some other states and international organizations. Whether universal civil jurisdiction should correspond to the criminal dimension, and whether it should depend on the absence of effective remedies in jurisdiction with traditional links to the prescribed conduct, have become the most important questions for its further application and expansion.Practices of exercising universal civil jurisdiction have great challenge to the principles of sovereign equality and non-interference. Although some narrators allege that states’ practices in this field support of a customary rule, for neither the Torture Convention nor the Proposed Hague Judgments Convention obliges states to do so, there is no evidence that there are general and consistent state practices in support of this conclusion. However, considering that providing civil redress for alien is not prohibited by Article 14 of the Torture Convention and the perpetrators of torture should not escape from punishment, there is a possibility that more states would be urged to provide effective redress for all torture victims.This kind of doctrine and practice has caused great challenge to China both for its national interest and for its legal adjustment. It’s necessary for China to introduce this new doctrine into its legal system and participate more effectively in the UN Assembly debate on the issue of universal jurisdiction.
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