司法精神病鉴定基本问题研究

司法精神病鉴定基本问题研究

Forensic Examination on Mental Disorder in Criminal Process

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：陈卫东,程雷
    单位：中国人民大学法学院教授;中国人民大学法学院
    中文关键词：司法精神病鉴定;启动难;强制医疗
    英文关键词：forensic examination on mental disorder;difficulty of initiation;compulsory commitment
    中文摘要：
    近年来我国刑事司法实践中曝光的若干典型个案凸显精神病鉴定的混乱状况。实证调研发现，精神病鉴定自身的特征对象的复杂性、过程的回溯性、知识背景的跨学科性、手段的有限性与结论的主观性，影响到其客观性与可信度。目前精神病鉴定存在的问题主要包括启动难、鉴定过程中医学与法学学科错位、诉讼权利保障机制欠缺、强制医疗制度带有行政化特征以及鉴定体制改革引发的问题。应当在坚持职权主义启动模式的基础上，对部分死刑案件增设强制启动机制，增设申请启动鉴定的上诉途径，细化启动考量标准；司法精神病专家与法律职业群体之间应当重新分工；应当增设被鉴定人由于鉴定导致人身自由被剥夺的法定强制措施以及在专家辅助人的帮助下对鉴定意见的质证权；强制医疗程序应当进行司法化改造并通过社会化途径加强执行能力；在鉴定管理体制上，应当取消现有鉴定主体限于医院的规定，恢复等级化的体系设置并建立鉴定人准入与培养机制。
    英文摘要：
    Treatment on mental disorders in criminal justice is regarded as an important social problem related to personal liberty and social safety. Several recent typical cases on mental disorders reported by China's media illustrate the terrible situation of forensic examination on mental disorders. Through empirical study, we found five characters of such examination which make the public suspect its objectivity and reliability, that is, the complexity of people's minds, the difficulty of tracking past facts and experiences, the interdisciplinary knowledge, the limitation of testing tools, and the subjectivity of examination result. This paper analyzes five problems and relevant solutions.Firstly, difficulties of initiating forensic examination in criminal justice are just facial phenomenon. The deeper reasons are the over-subjectivity of examination results and the limitation of the supporting institution of compulsory commitment. We do not think the law should be changed to give the defendants the rights of initiation. However, in some special death penalty cases, as long as the defendants raise such request, the examination process should be initiated. In addition, in other ordinary cases, the defendants should have the right of appeal if the first application for examination is denied. Secondly, we should adjust the role division between forensic experts and legal professionals. Forensic experts should only focus on the mental state, while the problem of the capacity for criminal responsibility should be judged by the legal professionals. Thirdly, the liberty of the suspects or defendants with mental disorders should be deprived according to separate and clear legal framework. In addition, the defendants should get the assistance of another forensic expert to cross examine the examination result. Fourthly, compulsory commitment to hospital should be decided by independent judges, not by police officers or prosecutors. More importantly, China should increase the capacity of commitment hospitals as soon as possible. Lastly, according to current law, only hospitals appointed by the provincial governments can process such examination, which ignores the reality of China and results in the resource waste and the undesirable examination quality. China can get back to the rank management system and establish the entry criteria and training system for forensic experts.
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