作为规制与治理工具的行政许可
ColinScott作为规制与治理工具的行政许可
Licensing as a Tool of Regulation and Governance
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：ColinScott
单位：爱尔兰都柏林大学法学院
中文关键词：政府规制;行政许可;治理工具;许可替代
英文关键词：regulation;licensing;tools of governance;alternatives to licensing
中文摘要：
源于私人生活中财产权人授权他人分享自己财产权实践的行政许可，正成为一种引人注目的政府规制与治理工具。作为治理工具，行政许可承载了一系列不同的社会目标，规制有时只是其中一个主要目标。当行政许可被限定为规制工具时，可以假定其核心是实现对特定行为的控制，具体机制包括信息收集、准入控制、行为监管以及许可的执行。尽管许可制度具有筛选市场主体并对他们进行识别和规制等积极作用，但同时也存在巨大的负面作用，如限制和阻碍竞争、可能导致权力滥用，而且许可制度是有成本的。政府在采取许可制度过程中，应考虑其他能够达成相同制度目标的替代性工具。
英文摘要：
Licensing which originates from more general practices of those with property rights carving out part of their interest to give limited rights to others in respect of their property, is likely to be attractive as a means to assert control. Regulation is conventionally understood as the deployment of governmental authority to establish systematic oversight by reference to rules over some activities valued by society. In the armoury of tools and techniques for regulation, licensing has a central place as the exercise of state control seeking to secure particular social and economic outcomes. However defined, licenses as a tool of government can be deployed for a number of distinct purposes of which regulation is only sometimes the primary purpose. Where licensing is regulatory, we may assume that the key rationale for the regime is to exert control, which can be defined as gathering information, controlling entry, controlling conduct and enforcement. Whilst licensing may have positive effects in terms of capacity to pre-clear market actors and to identify and regulate them, there is significant potential for adverse effects, such as restrictions on entry to the market, abusing of state power and costly. Governments should consider alternative ways of securing the same outcomes prior to introducing licensing regimes. Alternatives to licensing include doing nothing, encouraging self-regulation, using market-like mechanisms to change behaviour and applying regulatory oversight without the burden of licensing.
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