规范说之本质缺陷及其克服——以侵权责任法第79条为线索

规范说之本质缺陷及其克服——以侵权责任法第79条为线索

Essential Defect of the Norm Theory and Its Overcoming

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：袁中华
    单位：中南民族大学法学院
    中文关键词：动物致害;证明责任分配;规范说;修正规范说
    英文关键词：harms caused by domestic animals;allocation of burden of proof;Norm Theory;Modified Norm Theory
    中文摘要：
    通过解读侵权责任法第79条,不难发现受害人需要就加害人"违反管理规定,未对动物采取安全措施"这一要件承担证明责任.这种不合理分配证明责任的原因,在于解释者自觉或者不自觉地采用"规范说"理论.该理论在解释方法上以文义解释为主(偶尔采体系解释).这一方法论上的局限引发了其他诸多问题,当被视为该理论的本质缺陷.当该理论被用于未考虑证明责任问题的实体法规范时,必然导致不合理的证明责任分配.对此的解决之道是,克服方法论上的局限,引入以规范目的为导向的体系解释方法,重新解读法条之间的意义关联,以确定法规范应然的"请求原因—抗辩—再抗辩"要件.这不仅有利于恰当解决证明责任问题,而且有助于证明责任理论的发展以及法解释学的进步.
    英文摘要：
    An analysis of Article 79 of the Chinese Tort Liability Law shows that it is the victim who has to shoulder the burden of proving that the keeper or manager of animals "fails to take safety measures against animals in violation of management rules". This unreasonable allocation of burden of proof results from the interpreters' conscious or unconscious use of the Norm Theory, which mainly takes the literal interpretation (and occasionally the systematical interpretation) as its interpretive method. This methodological limitation leads to many other problems and therefore should be regarded as the essential defect of the Norm Theory. When applied to substantive norms that take no consideration of allocation of the burden of proof, this theory will inevitably lead to unreasonable allocation of the burden of proof. The solution to this dilemma of burden of proof is to overcome the methodological limitation by adopting the objective-oriented method of systematical interpretation, so as to re-interpret the internal relations in these norms and determine the essential elements of the "the cause of claim—defense—new defense" process on the basis of these norms. The above analysis is important because it is conducive not only to the appropriate solution of the problem of burden of proof, but also to the development of the theory of burden of proof and legal hermeneutics.
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