八二宪法土地条款:一个原旨主义的解释
彭錞八二宪法土地条款:一个原旨主义的解释
An Originalist Interpretation of the Land Clauses in the 1982 Constitution
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：彭錞
单位：北京大学法学院
中文关键词：土地公有制;宪法土地条款;土地流转;原旨主义
英文关键词：public land ownership;constitutional land clause;land transfers;originalism
中文摘要：
在原旨主义视角下,挖掘"八二"宪法第10条土地条款的生成背景、内在逻辑和制度意涵,可以发现:出于改革开放以后便利国家建设取得土地、限制农地流失的迫切现实需要,该条款承继和巩固了20世纪50年代成形的城乡二元土地所有制结构和"农地非农化的国家征地原则",并试图以合理用地作为证成和规范该制度的价值尺度。三十多年的改革与修宪给宪法土地条款注入了市场、法治和人权,特别是非国有财产平等保护等规范意蕴,但现行制度的种种现实弊病也日益突显。因此,需要重新思考该条款,清理其遗产。原旨主义立场回顾但不固执历史,要求我们超脱一时一地的具体土地制度安排,去把握宪法条文背后的实践理性、价值平衡等鲜活而深沉的宪法原理,指导并推动中国土地制度进一步改革。
英文摘要：
Article 10 of the 1982 Chinese Constitution is widely recognized to have established the constitutional foundation of China's land administration system in the post-reform era. It is unprecedented in modern Chinese constitutional history and unique among constitutional land clauses around the world. Yet the existing literature fails to explain why this article has taken its present shape and whether there is any internal logic between its five clauses. To solve these puzzles, an originalist approach is taken to make sense of Article 10 in its own historical context: fundamentally it is a constitutional entrenchment of the policy responses in the early 1980s in China that deals with the then urgent needs to rein in rapid loss of agricultural land to urbanization and industrialization on the one hand and to facilitate expropriation of state land on the other. Article 10 therefore embodies the long-standing tradition of the bifurcated system of rural/urban public land ownership and the "presumption of state land takings in non-agricultural use of rural land" since the 1950s. However, over the last thirty-odd years, this system has become increasingly problematic in practice, not least because of the fact that new values and objectives have been incorporated into the 1982 Constitution after several constitutional amendments. Therefore, our understanding of Article 10 has to be updated—an originalist interpretation actually detaches the constitutional article from specific institutional arrangements and directs our attention to such constitutional values as pragmatism and balance of interests underpinning Article 10. This creates room for further reform of China's land regime without invoking unconstitutionality of the current system.
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