农村土地“三权分置”的法理阐释与制度意蕴
高飞农村土地“三权分置”的法理阐释与制度意蕴
Theoretical Interpretation and Institutional Implication of the Policy of “Separation of Three Rights relating to Agricultural Land”
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：高飞
单位：广东外语外贸大学土地法制研究院、法学院
中文关键词：两权分离;三权分置;集体土地所有权;成员权;农地使用权
英文关键词：separation of two rights relating to agricultural land;separation of three rights relating to agricultural land;collective land ownership;membership;right to the use of agricultural land
中文摘要：
我国在1978年后逐步确立了"两权分离"的农村土地权利结构,为农村经济的发展作出了巨大贡献。但是,"两权分离"制度自始就存在制度理念重效率而轻公平、制度体系重利用而轻所有、权利设计重土地承包经营权而轻其他农地使用权的制度缺陷,致使现行农村土地法律制度的发展障碍重重。党的十八届三中全会为克服"两权分离"制度的弊端,提出了"三权分置"的农村土地权利结构。但该政策被形式化地理解为所有权、承包权、经营权叠加并立的土地权利结构,给农地制度的构建与完善带来了挑战。"三权分置"的农村土地权利结构实为集体土地所有权、成员权、农地使用权三权并立,此是保障农村集体经济和农村集体经济组织成员权利之有效实现的重大政策举措,也是力促统分结合的双层经营体制落到实处的有力工具。
英文摘要：
Since 1978, China has gradually established a land right framework of "separation of two rights relating to agricultural land", which has greatly contributed to the development of rural economy. However, this system has many institutional defects, such as valuing efficiency over fairness, usage over ownership, and land contract management right over other right to the use of farmland, which have seriously impeded the development of the current rural land law system. To overcome these defects, the Communist Party of China put forward at the Third Plenary Session of its Eighteenth Central Committee the land rights framework of "separation of three rights relating to agricultural land". However, this policy has been misinterpreted as a right framework consisting of ownership, the right to contract and the right to operate, which is contrary to legal logics and leads to challenges in the construction and improving the institutions of agricultural land. The land right framework of "separation of three rights relating to agricultural land" is actually a framework in which collective land ownership, membership rights, and land use rights coexist with each other. The establishment of this framework is not only a major policy measure for developing rural collective economy and effectively realizing the rights of members of rural collective economic organizations, but also a powerful tool for implementing the unified and decentralized rural land management system.
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