环境侵权因果关系类型化视角下的举证责任
陈伟环境侵权因果关系类型化视角下的举证责任
Distribution of Burden of Proof on Causation in Environmental Torts in the View of Categorization
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：陈伟
单位：南京大学法学院
中文关键词：一般因果关系;特定因果关系;环境侵权;因果关系;举证责任
英文关键词：general causation;specific causation;causation in environmental tort;burden of proof
中文摘要：
环境侵权因果关系的举证责任分配问题是环境法学和侵权法学理论界存在争论的疑难问题。虽然立法已经明文规定，然而司法实践中却常出现直接或间接违背立法的现象。对环境侵权因果关系这一概念本身的模糊认识是导致理论争论和实践矛盾的重要原因。在英美法对因果关系所作的一般因果关系与特定因果关系两分法的基础上，根据科学认知难度可进一步把一般因果关系分为三种类型：常识型、科学确定型和科学不确定型。只有科学不确定型因果关系的举证责任才应由被告承担。根据污染物致害的时空顺序，可把特定因果关系分为到达的因果关系和致害的因果关系，而致害的因果关系则可根据证明的需要区分为暴露的因果关系和真实的因果关系。到达的因果关系之举证责任，根据现行立法与司法解释应由被告承担。致害的因果关系中暴露的因果关系之举证责任应由原告承担，真实的因果关系之举证责任则由被告承担。
英文摘要：
How to distribute the burden of proof in environmental tort cases is a hard question not only in judicial practice, but also in the theoretical study on tort law. Although there are clear stipulations on this issue in legislation, these stipulations have often been directly or indirectly contravened in judicial practice. According to the study on the categorization of the environmental tort causation, the vague understanding of the concept of causation in environmental torts is a crucial factor leading to the contradiction between the legislation and judicial practices. Based on the dichotomy between general causation and specific causation in the common law system and according to the level of scientific cognitive difficulty, general causations can be divided into three different types:the commonsense type, the scientific certainty type and the scientific uncertainty type. Only the burden of proof of scientific uncertainty general causation should be distributed to the defendant. The commonsense type and the scientific certainty type of burden of proof should be distributed to the plaintiff just like in normal tort cases. Specific causations in environmental torts could be divided into arriving causations and damage causations according to the time and space order. Damage causations should be further divided into exposure causations and real causations in accordance with the requirements of proof. The burden of proof of arriving causation should be distributed to the defendant. The burden of proof of exposure causation should be distributed to the plaintiff and the burden of proof of real causation should be distributed to the defendant. The categorization of the causation in the environmental law is not only a valuable tool in the field of judicial proof, but also a useful analytical instrument in other cognitive domains of environmental tort cases.
全文阅读： 点击下载
