明清时期地权秩序的构造及其启示
汪洋明清时期地权秩序的构造及其启示
Structure of the Real Property System in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and Its Implications for the Current Reform in China
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：汪洋
单位：清华大学法学院
中文关键词：管业秩序;地权分化;一田多主;典制;三权分置
英文关键词：managing hierarchy of property;real property differentiation;multiple ownership;property right of dien;separation of rural land rights
中文摘要：
明清时期的地权秩序表现为受制于国家政治权力的宏观地权秩序与乡土社会原生自发形成的微观地权秩序的二元结构。民间地权秩序以"业"为核心概念，以私人契约为工具，分化为永佃、一田二主、典制等多样态的管业层级以及典卖、活卖、绝卖等一系列交易形态。诸管业层级根据经营收益、流通性、管业年限与税赋风险等四种影响因子，体现为不同的权利内容与地权价值。诸地权交易类型以当前收益与未来收益两个维度构建起统一的交易链条与理论框架。民间自发的地权分化所催生的复杂地权结构起到了明晰产权与降低交易成本的积极功效，其成因根植于明清社会经济的变迁之中。明清时期地权秩序呈现出来的抽象和相对性观念、时间维度上的灵活性特征，不同于大陆法系以绝对所有权为中心的物权观念以及"所有权-他物权"结构，这一观察对我国农地"三权分置"改革颇具启发意义。
英文摘要：
The real property system in the Ming and Qing dynasties manifested itself as a dual structure of the macro-real-property order, which was subject to the state's political power and the micro-real-property order, which spontaneously formed in local society. Taking "ye" (property) as the core concept and private contracts as the tool, folk property right was composed of various managing hierarchies, such as permanent-tendency, two-owners-of-one-land and property right of dien, and such transaction forms as dien sale, live-sale, and absolute sale. The managing hierarchies, based on the four influencing factors of operating profit, negotiability, management period and taxation risk, constituted the property-right entitlements with different contents and values. Various types of real property transaction, based on present and future values, formed unified trading chain and theoretical framework. The complex real property structure produced by the spontaneous property right differentiation had the positive function of clarifying property rights and reducing transaction costs, and its genesis was rooted in the transformation of the social economy of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Our observation is that the characteristics of the real property system in the Ming and Qing dynasties, i.e. concepts of abstraction and relativity, and flexibility of terms, are different from property concept with the core of absolute ownership and the structure of "dominium -ius in re aliena" in the civil law system. This observation can provide useful reference to China in the current reform aimed at separation of rural land rights.
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