海上保险的最大诚信：制度内涵与立法表达
初北平海上保险的最大诚信：制度内涵与立法表达
Utmost Good Faith in Marine Insurance: Institutional Connotation and Legislative Expression
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：初北平
单位：大连海事大学法学院
中文关键词：海上保险;最大诚信;保险法;诚信原则;告知义务
英文关键词：marine insurance;utmost good faith;insurance law;the principle of good faith;the duty of disclosure
中文摘要：
英国2015年保险法开启了最大诚信义务由诚信规则向诚信解释原则改良的新篇，这似乎与我国保险法和海商法现有的“诚信原则+具体义务规则”模式有所趋同。但英国法下保险合同的诚信标准超过了英国法下一般合同的诚信标准，也超过了大陆法系及我国保险法下保险合同的诚信标准。其原因不是英国法下“最大诚信义务”中“最大”的法律效果，而是源于保险合同归属于“诚信的合同”，合同方在订约过程中需为对方的利益考量，主动告知有关标的的重要信息。此项具体的告知义务与我国海商法中的告知义务标准相当。实践中，我国法院对于被保险人是否尽到告知义务的认定标准并不严苛，保险的实务操作也不存在一个始终由被保险人主动进行无限告知的程序，我国海商法中规定的“主动告知”作为一项兜底性义务，应予保留以发挥其安全阀功能，而被保险人无需告知的事项则宜适当补充。
英文摘要：
The enactment of the Insurance Act 2015 (the Act) marked the beginning of a new era for insurance law in the United Kingdom. More specifically, the Act improved the regime for the obligation of good faith by transitioning to the interpretive principle of good faith from traditional rules of good faith. The reform appears to converge with the present mechanism of the Chinese Insurance Law and Chinese Maritime Law of “the principle of good faith + specific rules of obligations.” However, upon further analysis, the standard of good faith for insurance contracts under English laws is higher than that of general contracts, and even higher than insurance contracts under civil law system, as well as Chinese insurance laws. The result arises not from the legal interpretation and effect of the word “utmost” in the obligation of utmost good faith under English laws, but derived from the theory that insurance contracts are “contracts of good faith” to the mutual benefit of each other, and on its own initiatives, disclose the important information in respect of the subject-matter insured. This specific duty of disclosure of the Act is equivalent to the standard of the duty of disclosure under the Maritime Law of China. In judicial practice, Chinese courts are not very strict on whether the insured has fulfilled the obligations of disclosure, and there is also no procedure in underwriting practice requiring the insured to disclose unlimited information on their own initiative. The “unlimited disclosure” as the minimum obligation provided in Chinese Maritime Law shall be retained to perform the function of safety valve, and appropriate supplement to the matters which the insured need not to disclose shall be made in the revision of Chinese Maritime Law.
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