清代州县词讼积案与上级的监督
邓建鹏清代州县词讼积案与上级的监督
Civil Case Backlog at the County Level and Supervision over It by Superior Officials in the Qing Dynasty
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：邓建鹏
单位：中央财经大学法学院
中文关键词：清代；州县官；监督；自理词讼；积案
英文关键词：The Qing Dynasty, magistrates, supervision, civil cases, case backlog
中文摘要：
清代法律制度在要求州县官及时审结自理词讼方面，多有细致而严格的规定，但在基层司法实践中，自理词讼积压却异常严重。自清中期以降，历任皇帝在位时多发布各种上谕，催促各省高官监督基层官员及时审结案件。州县官必须按月向上级申送自理词讼清册，以供上司核查。就制度而言，州县官听讼面对知府、道员及省级官员等重重监督的压力。但是在实践中，这种多层级高压并未带来有效的监督效果。多层级监督体系效率低下，地方官之间基于利益合谋，共同规避中央的监督要求。上级监督州县官听讼明显具有“人存政举”的特征，统治者对导致词讼尘积的客观因素（如人口剧增、经费有限）视而不见。州县官处理命盗案件审转尚且顾及不暇，遑论自理词讼，因此词讼积压问题并未得到有效解决。
英文摘要：
The Qing Dynasty had adopted many detailed and strict rules to regulate the handling of civil cases by magistrates, requiring them to settle lawsuits in time. However, in the grassroots legal practice, the phenomenon of civil cases backlog was still very serious. Since the middle of the Qing Dynasty, emperors had issued many imperial edicts to urge provincial officials to supervise over the handling of civil cases by magistrates, who were required to submit monthly lists of civil lawsuits heard by them to their superiors for examination. As far as institution is concerned, magistrates were faced with the pressure of supervision by government officials at different levels in their handling of civil cases. But in practice, this kind of multilevel pressure failed to bring about effective supervision. On the one hand, officials who shared the same interests conspired to evade the supervision requirements made by the central government. On the other hand, because hearings taken care of by superior officials relied too much on certain smart rulers and emperors always neglect the objective causes of case backlog, such as drastic increase of population and limited funding. Magistrates even had not enough time to deal with criminal cases, let alone civil cases. As a result, the problem of civil case backlog had never been effectively dealt with.
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