文书真伪认定的中国路径
曹志勋文书真伪认定的中国路径
Chinese Approach to the Authentication of Documentary Evidence
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：曹志勋
单位：北京大学法学院
中文关键词：文书；形式证明力；文书真伪之诉；证明责任；公文书
英文关键词：documentary evidence, formal proving effect, claim for the confirmation of the authenticity of a document, burden of proof, public document
中文摘要：
文书在我国民事诉讼证据中占据核心地位。大陆法系常见的文书真伪之诉，体现了确认之诉原理的例外规则，但我国没有专门规定这种特殊程序的必要。文书真伪应当在普通诉讼中成为争点，参考其他大陆法系的经验和我国实务做法，我国应在形式要件上明确要求相对方就文书真伪表态，但需注意我国语境下的必要例外。在实质要件上，文书真伪问题应当以规范说作为证明责任分配标准，而不应以待证事实在审理过程中的证明状态为标准。应当正确认识文书真伪鉴定及以勘验为代表的其他制度和技术促进真相发现的作用。应区分公、私文书的证明力规则和文书的形式及实质证明力。文书形式证明力应当包含文书真伪问题，从我国现行法中可以解释出公文书形式证明力的推定规则。
英文摘要：
Documentary evidence plays a crucial role in civil judicial practice in China and, therefore, systematic research needs to be carried out on the authentication of such evidence. Special claim for the confirmation of the authenticity of documentary evidence, which is common in the continental legal system, embodies an exception to the general principle of the affirmative claim. However, there is no need to provide for this special procedure in China. Instead, the authenticity of documentary evidence ought to be a disputed issue in any ordinary civil litigation. In light of the experiences of different continental law countries and the legal practice in China, the Chinese law should require the opposite party to the provider of a documentary evidence to declare whether he will challenge the authenticity of the evidence or not. It is also necessary to take notice of possible exceptions to this requirement in China. As for substantial requirements, the normative theory, rather than the specific proof status of the tobeproved factual allegation, should be taken as the standard in the allocation of burden of proof regarding to the authenticity of a document. It is necessary to correctly understand the factfinding effect of authentication of documentary evidence and other institutions and technologies represented by judicial inspection. Distinctions should be made between the proving effect of public documents and that of private documents and between formal proving effect and substantive proving effect. In the documentary proving system, the formal proving effect of a document should indicate the authenticity of the document. Besides, the rules on the presumption of the formal proving effect of public documents could be deduced through the interpretation of the current Chinese law.
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