基本权利的国家保护：从客观价值到主观权利

基本权利的国家保护：从客观价值到主观权利

State Protection on Fundamental Rights: from Objective Values to Subjective Rights

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：李海平
    单位：
    中文关键词：基本权利;国家保护义务;客观价值秩序;受保护权;禁止保护不足原则
    英文关键词：fundamental rights; state obligation of protection; objective order of values; right to be protected; the principle of prohibiting insufficient protection
    中文摘要：
    客观价值论国家保护义务，是目前我国学界普遍遵循的基本权利国家保护义务理论范式。该理论范式存在客观价值基点可有可无、客观价值主观化的自相矛盾，以及自然权利、基本权利、民事权利国家保护混沌难分的逻辑困境。主观权利论国家保护义务，既可通过宪法概括性人权条款连接具体基本权利条款获得证成，也能化解客观价值论国家保护义务的困境，应是我国基本权利国家保护义务理论的发展方向。主观权利论国家保护义务的构成要素包括：国家、受害人、加害人的三角关系及其中私人关系的公共性，国家保护义务的规则属性，最低限度有效保护与合宪性解释在司法裁判中的有条件运用。伴随着基本权利国家保护义务从客观价值论向主观权利论的转型，基本权利双重性质也将从主观权利和客观价值秩序演变为防御权和受保护权。
    英文摘要：
    The theory of state obligation of protection based on objective value is the prevailing theoretical paradigm of the state obligation to protect fundamental rights in Chinese academia today. This theoretical paradigm has a few logical defects, including insignificance of objective values, the paradox of subjectivization of objective values and indistinguishability of state protection among natural rights, fundamental rights and civil rights. The theory of state protection obligation based on subjective rights is the development direction in China, because it can not only be justified by combining the general human rights clause with the specific fundamental rights clauses in the constitution, but also solve the theoretical predicament of state protection obligation based on objective values. The three constituent elements of the subjective rights theory of state protection obligation include the structure of the state-victim-inflictor triangular relationship containing the element of publicness, the rule attribute of the state obligation of protection, and the conditional application of minimum degree of effective protection as well as the constitutional interpretation in judicial decisions. With the transformation of the theory on the state obligation to protect fundamental rights from the objective value theory to the subjective rights theory, the dual nature of fundamental rights will evolve from the subjective rights and the objective order of values to the right to defense and the right to be protected.
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