文体活动自甘冒险的风险分配与范围划定
申海恩文体活动自甘冒险的风险分配与范围划定
Risk Allocation and Scope Delineation of Assumption of Risk in Recreational and Sports Activities
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：申海恩
单位：
中文关键词：自甘冒险;文体活动;注意义务;重大过失;风险分配
英文关键词：assumption of risk; recreational and sports activities; duty of care; gross negligence; allocation of risk
中文摘要：
文体活动是我国民法典创设的一个特殊的风险分配场域。由于文体活动的风险喜好、娱乐社交等特性，在这一领域，风险的开启与控制、避免与分散、成本与收益、信赖保护等传统风险分配考量因素均已失灵。文体活动自甘冒险中参加者并无自己承担损失或免除对方责任的意思，不能基于受害参加者之自愿得出免责的结论。文体活动风险分配的决定性考量因素在于风险的固有性和共同性，在这一领域采取注意标准降低至避免无谓损害的风险分配路径更能反映其实质。文体活动注意标准的降低，在立法上表现为对重大过失负责，因此在司法裁量是否构成重大过失时，也应结合具体文体活动，判断致害参加者是否尽到避免无谓损害的注意义务。对文体活动范围的扩张或者限制论，均未从文体活动风险的特殊性入手，具备这些特征风险的文体活动，即应纳入民法典第1176条的文体活动自甘冒险规则的适用范围内。
英文摘要：
Recreational and sports activities constitute a special area for risk allocation provided by Chinese Civil Code. However, due to the special features of recreational and sports activities in risk appetite, socialization and entertainment, traditional considerations for risk allocation such as creation and control of risks, avoidance and dispersion of risks, cost and benefit, as well as trust protection have failed to work in this area. Some participants who place themselves in a dangerous situation in recreational and sports activities have no intention to bear the loss or to release the liability of other parties, thus the conclusion of exemption based on the voluntary participation of the injured party cannot be made. The decisive factor for risk allocation in recreational and sports activities is the inherent and common nature of the risk itself. Adopting a lower standard of care in this area to avoid unnecessary damage is more in line with the essence of this special nature. The lowering of the standard of care for recreational and sports activities is legislatively manifested as responsibility for gross negligence. Therefore, when determining whether gross negligence is constituted in the judicial process, the court should consider whether the inflicting parties have failed to exercise the duty of care to avoid unnecessary damages in the context of the specific recreational and sports activity. The theories of expansion or limitation of the scope of recreational and sports activities both fail to consider the special nature of the risk of recreational and sports activities, which should be considered when delineating the application scope of the rules of assumption of risk in the recreational and sports activities provided by Article 1176 of Chinese Civil Code.
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