判例生成与中国案例指导制度

判例生成与中国案例指导制度

The Formation of Precedent and the Case-guiding System in China

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：宋晓
    单位：南京大学法学院
    中文关键词：案例指导制度;判例制度;判例生成;判例遴选
    英文关键词：case-guiding system;system of precedent;formation of precedent;selection of precedent
    中文摘要：
    依据法律功能主义，我国案例指导制度可纳入广义的判例制度之中。判例生成制度是判例制度的物质基础。我国指导性案例的生成，主要依赖最高人民法院的司法外权力，采取不以司法等级权威为基础的案例选拔方式，没有遵循普遍的形式主义进路，没有严格依傍法院体系和审级制度，其实效有待观察。最高人民法院和高级人民法院都应成为判例法院，并可遴选自己法院的案例为指导性案例，现行案例遴选标准大体符合判例遴选的一般原理。判例遴选制度对应的是有限援引制度，有限援引制度在成文法语境中并不会面临普通法语境中的正当性质疑，案例指导制度应允许法官直接援引指导性案例。案例指导制度的未来发展应与我国整体司法改革彼此深化、相互促进。
    英文摘要：
    From the perspective of functionalism, the case-guiding system in China may be classified into the system of precedent in a broad sense. The formation and selection of our guiding cases mainly depend on the extra-judicial power of the Supreme People’s Court, which are not rested on the judicial hierarchy and do not follow the approach of the general formalism. In order to promote the case-guiding system, the trial instance jurisdiction should be reformed accordingly, and the judicial function of the Supreme People’s Court should be strengthened, while the legislative function reduced.The Supreme People’s Court and the Superior People’s Court should have the power to select and set guiding cases from those decided by themselves. The standard of selecting guiding cases should be specific and flexible rather than general. A judge or the panel of judges who preside over the case should be granted the preliminary power to select guiding cases, so the case-load will be decreased, the efficiency will be promoted, and judges will be able to spend more time and efforts to write the opinions of guiding cases. It is impossible for a precedent to be followed virtually without being followed formally. Our case-guiding system should allow judges to cite guiding cases directly in their opinions, because without the formal requirement of direct citation, those guiding cases published by the Supreme People’s Court will never be accepted as guiding ones in the sense of precedents. The system of precedent is closely connected with and mutually decided by the whole judicial system, even the whole legal system. The case-guiding system in China, however, intentionally distances itself from a series of judicial system, such as the court system, the trial instance jurisdiction, the professionalization and independence of judges, so the actual effect of guiding cases could be doubted. The perfection of the case-guiding system in China should be joined with the judicial reform, and both the system and the reform will be promoted mutually and reciprocally.
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