数人侵权的体系构成对侵权责任法第8条至第12条的解释
曹险峰数人侵权的体系构成对侵权责任法第8条至第12条的解释
System Construction of Multiple Tortfeasors: An Interpretation of Article 8 to 12 of Chinese Tort Liability Law
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：曹险峰
单位：吉林大学法学院
中文关键词：一因一果;多因一果;共同侵权行为;连带责任;按份责任
英文关键词：one cause and one result;multiple causes and one result;joint tort;joint and several liability;liability by shares
中文摘要：
我国侵权责任法上的数人侵权体系由“一因一果”数人侵权与“多因一果”数人侵权构成。“一因一果”数人侵权以侵权责任法第8条、第9条与第10条为代表：第8条以包括共同故意、共同过失及故意与过失相结合在内的共同过错体现“一因”性；第9条中，教唆人或帮助人的故意使其与被教唆人或被帮助人形成“一因”性的存在；而第10条则是以各行为人实施的共同的危险性行为体现“一因”性。“一因”性证成了连带责任的正当性及就行为整体进行因果关系判断的合理性。“多因一果”数人侵权体系由第11条与第12条组成：第11条以累积因果关系为特质，强调“分别实施”的数个行为都实然地造成了“同一损害”，并且每个行为都“足以”造成这一损害，其连带责任的承担源于自己责任及因果关系判断的特殊规则；第12条以部分因果关系为特质，调整除第11条以外的其他所有“多因一果”数人侵权行为。第8条至第12条构成了较为严密的数人侵权体系，在适用时，应注意它们之间的顺位与区别。
英文摘要：
The multiple tortfeasors system of Chinese Tort Liability Law is composed of the multiple tortfeasors of “one cause and one result” and the multiple tortfeasors of “multiple causes and one result”. They are different from each other in the burden of proof and the corresponding liability nature. The multiple tortfeasors of “one cause and one result” are represented by article 8, 9 and 10 of Chinese Tort Liability Law. In article 8, joint fault of multiple tortfeasors, including joint intention, joint negligence, and the junction of intention and negligence, makes multiple actions constitute one cause of the result. According to article 9, the intention of the instigator and accomplice makes them to constitute one cause along with the instigated and accompanied. While in article 10, the multiple actions with the same risk can also be seen as one cause of the result. One cause justifies the application of the joint and several liability, and the plaintiff needs only prove the causation between the multiple actions as a whole and the damage. The multiple tortfeasors of “multiple causes and one result” are composed of article 11 and 12. Article 11 stresses that specific actions done separately actually caused a single damage with the feature of accumulated causation, that is, each action alone is able to cause the damage. The application of the joint and several liability is not originated from the integrity of actions, but from the special rule of causation and the self responsibility principle in civil law. Article 12 is featured with partial causation, and is to adjust all the other multiple tortfeasors of “multiple causes and one result” except those adjusted by article 11. Articles 8 to 12 constitute a quite close multiple tortfeasors system. In application, attention should be paid to the order and differences among different institutions.
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