实物证据的鉴真问题
陈瑞华实物证据的鉴真问题
Authentication of Real Evidence
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：陈瑞华
单位：北京大学法学院
中文关键词：实物证据;鉴真;鉴定;排除规则
英文关键词：real evidence;authentication;appraisal;exclusionary rule
中文摘要：
中国新颁行的刑事证据规定确立了实物证据的鉴真制度。根据所要鉴别的实物证据的不同，鉴真有两个相对独立的含义：一是证明法庭上出示、宣读的某一实物证据，与举证方“所声称的那份实物证据”是一致的；二是证明法庭上所出示、播放的实物证据的内容，如实记录了实物证据的本来面目，反映了实物证据的真实情况。中国刑事证据规定尽管确立了“保管链条的证明”方法，但强调通过对各种“笔录类证据”的形式审查，来验证实物证据在来源、收集、提取、制作、保管等各个环节上的可靠性。刑事证据规定还针对物证、书证、视听资料和电子证据分别确立了鉴真规则。鉴真制度要得到有效的实施，需要司法改革的决策者在刑事审判方式改革、侦诉关系改革、规范法官自由裁量权、有效实施排除规则等方面做出进一步的努力。
英文摘要：
Newly promulgated criminal evidence rules in China have established the system of authentication of real evidence. Authentication has two independent meanings according to different real evidences. One is to prove the real evidence, produced, read out and played in courts, to be exactly the evidence as the offering party says what it is. The other is to prove that the content of the real evidence, produced, read out and played in courts, faithfully contains and reflects the genuine and original condition.In American evidence rules, “unique identification” and “chain of custody” are the two main means for authentication, both requiring all the people who touched, handled and kept the real evidence witness or identify in courts. Although Chinese criminal evidence rules have established the mean of “chain of custody”, they only rely on the formal examination of “documentary evidence” to authenticate the reliability of the real evidence in every originating, collecting, producing, making and keeping stage.Appraisal functions as unveiling the probative value of the real evidence by professional knowledge and technology, however, authentication aims at demonstrating the authenticity and identity and intensifying the relevance of the real evidence, by establishing the reliability of origin, the normalization of collection and the integrity of keeping. Therefore, authentication is not only an independent mean of identifying the real evidence, but also the premise and foundation of appraisal. Any real evidence without authentication can not be used as proper material for appraisal and should be excluded out of the court.Chinese criminal evidence rules have so far established the authentication rules to physical evidence, documentary evidence, audio-visual materials and electronic evidence. They provide concrete requirements for the authentication of materials for appraisal, and establish relevant exclusionary rules to the real evidence lacking of authentication. Nevertheless, the implementation of the authentication system still relies upon related reform in the field of criminal trials and the relationship between investigation and prosecution, etc. It also requires regulation on judges’ discretion on whether to admit evidence or not, so as to ensure the practical implementation of the exclusionary rules.
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