风险社会大规模损害责任法的范式重构——从侵权赔偿到成本分担
刘水林风险社会大规模损害责任法的范式重构——从侵权赔偿到成本分担
Reconstructing the Legal Paradigm of Large-scale Damage Liability in Risk Society
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：刘水林
单位：上海财经大学法学院
中文关键词：风险社会;大规模损害;侵权责任;成本分担
英文关键词：risk society;large-scale damage;tort liability;cost-sharing
中文摘要：
风险社会是人类利用科技从事创造活动而产生的人为风险成为影响人类生活乃至生存和发展的主要因素的社会，如何缓解与分配风险损害成为风险社会的核心问题。风险社会的大规模损害以事故型和累积型大规模公害为主导。侵权法解决的损害问题是私人对私人利益的侵害，其主要功能在于补偿受害者，其制度运行有赖于损害的确定性、有限性、可计量性、可预期和可控制性、私人性。风险损害所具有的不确定性、无限性、不可计量性、不可预期性、不可控制性和社会公共性颠覆了这些条件，对风险损害主要以规制法予以事前防范。规制法防治私人对公共利益的侵害，其主要通过事前预防责任的分担降低风险损害，事后责任作为补充。规制法责任的实质是对风险成本的分担。分担应遵循社会分担、有效分担、平衡分担以及预防为主、救济为辅的原则。规制法的责任制度包括预防责任和补救责任。
英文摘要：
A "risk society" refers to a society in which human risks arise as the result of creative activities carried out by human beings using science and technology, and in which human risks are the main factors affecting life, survival and development of the mankind. How to mitigate and distribute risks and damages has become the core issue in such a society. Most of the large-scale damages in a risk society are massive public damages of the nature of accident or of accumulative nature. The tort law mainly deals with infringements of private interests by private persons. Its main function is to compensate victims, and its operation depends on the certainty, finiteness, measurability, predictability, controllability and privacy of damages. The damages of risk, with its uncertainty, infinity, immeasurability, unpredictability, uncontrollability and the social public nature, subverts the above conditions and therefore should be mainly prevented in advance by regulatory law. Regulatory law prevents the infringements of public interests by private persons by using prevention in advance as the main tool and post responsibility as a supplement. The essence of liability of regulatory law is the sharing of the cost of risk in accordance with the principles of social sharing, effective sharing, and balanced sharing, and the principle of prevention first. The responsibility system of regulatory law consists of the responsibility of prevention and the responsibility of remedy. The sharing mechanism of the system of preventative responsibility consists of sharing of responsibility in the making of rules and sharing of responsibility in the implementation of rules. The responsibility of remedy varies from one type of damage to another.
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