保险法上如实告知义务之新检视
李飞保险法上如实告知义务之新检视
A Critical Review of the Duty of Disclosure in Insurance Law
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：李飞
单位：南京师范大学法学院
中文关键词：保险消费者保护;对价平衡;如实告知义务;保险合同
英文关键词：consumer protection;equivalence;the duty of disclosure;insurance contract
中文摘要：
从加强保险消费者保护原则与对价平衡原则来检视投保人如实告知义务具有重要意义。在告知义务的履行方式上，应以文字询问取代书面询问。在告知义务的范围方面，现行法采取了有限告知主义；判断是否为重要事项应采取依保险人各自的风险评估机制决定的主观标准兼由市场上保险人群体的一般形象决定的客观标准；投保人的告知内容限于其已知事项。就告知时期而言，应将投保人履行告知义务的期间限定在投保人为缔约的意思表示时。投保人违反如实告知义务时，应依其主观过错的不同确定相应的法律效果。投保人因故意违反如实告知义务时，保险人可以在不行使解除权的前提下，选择变更保险合同，却不能撤销保险合同；投保人因重大过失违反如实告知义务时，保险人虽然可以行使解除权，但应受到单方变更权的限制，同时，保险人承担赔偿责任时应以“比例原则”替代“全有或全无原则”；投保人非因故意或重大过失违反如实告知义务时，保险人的单方变更权也有适用余地。
英文摘要：
The duty of disclosure in insurance law should be guided by the principle of consumer protection and the principle of equivalence at the same time. Firstly, in accordance with the inquiry-disclosure principle, the insurer should have the inquiries that would influence the risk assessment listed in a proposal form. The focal point here is the textual content rather than the written form. Secondly, with respect to the scope of the duty of disclosure, the current law has adopted the approach of limited disclosure. In the future, both the subjective standard fixed by individual insurer and the objective standard shaped by the average insurer shall be employed in the determination of whether or not the facts are material in the formation of the insurance contract. In addition, the policyholder needs only to disclose the facts he has already known, which means those facts that are unknown to the policyholder should never be included in the disclosure. Thirdly, the time of the making or acceptance of an offer is the last-minute for disclosure. Fourthly, the legal consequence differs when the duty of disclosure is breached due to different subjective faults. When the policyholder fails to perform the duty of disclosure intentionally, the insurer may dissolve or alter, but cannot rescind, the insurance contract. Though the insurer may repeal the consequence of the breach of the duty of disclosure when the policyholder breaches the duty of disclosure with gross negligence, this right is subjected to the restriction by the right to adjust the contract. As for the compensation, the insurance contract law should substitute the "all or nothing principle" with the "more or less principle" for the sake of consumer protection. Moreover, the insurer's right to adjust the contract is also available in the scenario of breach of the duty of disclosure, even if the policyholder is not at fault.
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