广播组织权的客体广播组织权的客体——兼析“以信号为基础的方法”
王迁广播组织权的客体广播组织权的客体——兼析“以信号为基础的方法”
On the Subject Matter of Broadcasting Organizations' Right
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：王迁
单位：华东政法大学
中文关键词：广播组织权;信号盗窃;以信号为基础的方法
英文关键词：broadcasting organization's right;signal theft;signal-based approach
中文摘要：
在世界知识产权组织主持起草《保护广播组织条约》的过程中，各国都同意对广播组织权的保护应当采用“以信号为基础的方法”。但各国立法并没有真正体现这一方法，其中一些国家采取的“节目保护模式”将“广播”规定为一类作品，保护的实际上是节目，这将导致严重的正当性问题。另一些国家采取的“伪信号保护模式”名义上只保护载有节目的信号，但由于为广播组织规定了针对节目录制品的专有权利且规定了至少20年的保护期，其真正保护的仍然是节目。创设广播组织权的理由，在于防止分流广播的听众或观众，从而损害作为节目传播者而非节目创作者或制作者的广播组织的利益。只有将载有节目的信号设定为保护客体，才能既保护广播组织的利益，又不至于造成法律逻辑的混乱、权利归属与授权机制的错位和对公有领域的侵蚀。基于信号的流动性，防止“信号盗窃”的途径是为广播组织规定“转播权”，而非规定以信号中的节目为保护客体的复制权、发行权和信息网络传播权等专有权利。由于“转播权”控制的是同步传播信号的行为，对保护期的规定并无意义。
英文摘要：
In the process of drafting WIPO Treaty on the Protection of Broadcasting Organizations, all the countries have agreed that the protection should take "a signal-based approach". But the copyright laws of various countries do not really reflect that approach. Some of them adopt the "program-based approach" that regards the broadcast as a type of works. Such protection is actually granted to programs and leads to the question of justification. Some other countries seem to protect program-carrying signals, but what are really protected are still programs as such since exclusive rights are granted in relation to the fixation of programs and a time period of protection not less than 20 years is also provided for programs. This article argues that the justification for the provisions on broadcasting organization's right is to prevent rerouting of the audience of broadcast to the detriment of broadcasting organizations who are protected as transmitters, rather than creators, of programs. By providing that the program-carrying signals are the subject matter of protection, the copyright law can make sure that broadcasting organizations' right is properly protected without causing confusion in legal logic, chaos in ownership and licensing mechanisms, and the invasion of the public domain. The proper method of protecting flowing program-carrying signals and preventing the "signal theft" is to grant the right of retransmission to broadcasting organizations, instead of providing for the right of reproduction, distribution and making available through information network, which target programs extracted from broadcast signals. Since the right of retransmission only covers the act of simultaneous transmission of broadcast signals, it is meaningless to provide for the time period of protection for signals.
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