环境责任保险与环境风险控制的法律体系建构

马宁

环境责任保险与环境风险控制的法律体系建构

Construction of the Legal System of Environmental Liability Insurance and Environmental Risk Control


    期刊名称:《法学研究》
    期刊年份:
    作者:马宁
    单位:西北政法大学
    中文关键词:环境风险;环境侵权;强制责任保险;环境责任保险;纯粹经济损失
    英文关键词:environmental risk;environmental tort;compulsory liability insurance;environmental liability insurance;pure economic loss
    中文摘要:
    保险被视为一类独立的应对环境风险的工具。相较于第一方保险,责任保险在环境风险下具有制度优势,应被视为保险工具内的优先选项。基于夏维尔模型得出的市场机制通常能自发实现责任保险最优效果的结论,在抽象环境风险与具体国情背景下均难以证成,强制保险模式因此成为必然。环境责任保险的价值实现对外主要受制于保险人对环境风险的识别、控制与承保能力,对内则受限于保险规范设计的妥当性。在前者,保险人可通过将自身的风险评估与管控活动融入国家环境管理体系,尽可能明确数人环境侵权的形态与责任承担,利用连带责任内的责任再分配机制,构建双重风险保费体系等方式,强化自身的风险评控能力,消减立法与司法因素诱发的责任不确定性;在后者,则需谨慎设计承保范围,将纯粹经济损失与对环境自身的损害责任纳入保障范围,经由被保险人范围的控制等方式来实现对保险人承受能力的照顾。
    英文摘要:
    Environmental liability insurance is seen as a stand-alone tool for addressing environmental risks. It has institutional advantages over first-party insurance under the circumstance of environmental risks and should be regarded as a priority among insurance tools. However, the conclusion based on the Shaver model that the market mechanism can usually reach the optimal effect of liability insurance spontaneously cannot be proved under the circumstance of abstract environmental risk and specific national conditions. As a result, the compulsory insurance model becomes inevitable. The realization of the value of the insurance system is externally determined by the insurer's capability for recognizing, controlling and underwriting environmental risks and internally limited by the validity of the insurance coverage design. In the former case, insurers can integrate their own risk assessment and control activities into the national environmental management system, clarify as far as possible the forms of and responsibilities for several environmental infringements, utilize the mechanism for the redistribution of responsibilities within joint and several liability, and construct a dual risk premium system to reinforce their own risk assessment capabilities and reduce the uncertainty of responsibility arising from legislative and judicial factors. In the latter case, the scope of coverage should be carefully designed to include pure economic loss and the damage to the environment itself. At the same time, the insurer's affordability can be taken care of by way of controlling the scope of the insured.
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