民刑交叉诉讼关系处理的规则与法理

民刑交叉诉讼关系处理的规则与法理

Rules and Principles on the Handling of the Relationship between Cross Civil and Criminal Actions

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：张卫平
    单位：天津大学;清华大学
    中文关键词：民刑交叉;民事诉讼;刑事诉讼;独立审判;先决关系
    英文关键词：the overlap between criminal and civil cases;civil procedure;criminal procedure;independent adjudication;prerequisite relationship
    中文摘要：
    在民刑交叉诉讼关系的处理上，“先刑后民”一直被视为一项原则。但从审判权独立行使的原理以及法律的规定来看，“先刑后民”都不应作为一项处理民刑交叉诉讼的原则。在具体处理民刑交叉诉讼时，应当首先考虑彼此之间是否有先决关系。在相互之间存在先决关系时，作为前提的诉讼可先行，另一诉讼应予以中止，等待前提诉讼的审结。将先决关系作为原则，考虑的是社会对裁判一致性的认同与追求以及司法制度的现实。但先决原则不是绝对的，诉讼效率也是民事诉讼所追求的重要价值之一，不可以因为具有先决关系的前提诉讼的迟延而使另一诉讼受到过分迟延。拥有管辖权的法院可以独立行使审判权，包括对事实的认定和法律适用。在民刑主体交叉的诉讼中，当民事诉讼对刑事诉讼具有先决关系时，由于诉讼主体的人身自由受到限制，不能在并行的民事诉讼中充分行使诉讼权利，因此可以考虑将民事案件移至刑事审判庭，在同一审判庭适用不同程序，实行“先民后刑”的审理，以维持同一事实认定的一致性。这一做法需要修改法律，将其程序法定化。
    英文摘要：
    With respect to the relationship between cross civil and criminal procedures, “criminal procedure before civil procedure” has always been regarded as a principle to be adhered to in China. But it is not always consistent with the principle of and legal provisions on the independent exercise of adjudicative power. When handling concrete relationships between civil and criminal procedures or between civil and administrative procedures, the question of whether there exists a prerequisite relationship between the two procedures ought to be considered first. When prerequisite relationship does exist between them, the antecedent proceeding can go ahead and the other proceeding suspends to wait for the end of the antecedent proceeding. When prerequisite relationship is taken as the principle, uniformity of judgment acknowledged and pursued by society and the reality of the judicial system are both taken into consideration. However, prerequisite relationship is not absolute and litigation efficiency is also a significant value pursued by civil procedure, the proceeding should not be unduly delayed as a result of the delay of the antecedent proceeding and the court having the jurisdiction should be able to exercise adjudicative power, including the power to ascertain fact and apply law independently. In an action where civil and criminal subjects intersect, the civil action is a prerequisite to the criminal action, and parties are subject to restraint of liberty and cannot exercise litigious rights fully in the collateral civil procedure, the civil case can be turned over to the criminal court, which hears the civil case in advance of the criminal case in a different procedure, so as to maintain coherence in ascertaining the same fact. To introduce this practice, China needs to revised the relevant laws to make the above procedure statutory.
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