现代监护理念下监护与行为能力关系的重构
彭诚信李贝现代监护理念下监护与行为能力关系的重构
Capacity under Modern Guardianship Idea
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：彭诚信李贝
单位：上海交通大学凯原法学院
中文关键词：监护；行为能力；成年监护；未成年监护；残疾人权利公约
英文关键词：guardianship, legal capacity, guardianship of adults, guardianship of minors, UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
中文摘要：
民法总则继续将监护理解为行为能力的补正工具，实行两者之间的全面“挂钩”。在行为能力采“三分法”的语境下，该“挂钩”关系使得我国监护制度存在适用范围过窄、忽视被监护人意思自治、保护内容缺漏等问题，并与联合国《残疾人权利公约》倡导平等、反对歧视、尊重残疾人意愿偏好的基本精神不合。监护与行为能力的“挂钩”成因在于对两者本质的混淆，同时两者在制度功能、适用对象和时间效力上的部分重合以及“监护”概念的歧义性都加剧了该“挂钩”现象。现代监护理念指引下的监护制度应兼顾被监护人的利益保护及其意思自治，未来立法应致力于实现监护与行为能力的有限“脱钩”：一是建立并完善独立的监护程序，使监护启动条件与行为能力的判断标准相分离；二是建立包含自治型、协助型、替代型决策模式的多元监护体系，限缩法定代理权的适用范围，完善行为能力的类型划分。
英文摘要：
The General Provisions of the Civil Law continues to treat the guardianship as a complementary instrument for legal capacity, and there exists a full connection between these two institutions. Under the system of trichotomy of legal capacity, this connection has caused many problems to the existing law of guardianship, i.e., the limited scope of beneficiaries, the neglect of the wills and preferences of the ward, the incompleteness of the legal system, and inconsistency with the fundamental principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, such as equality, antidiscrimination and the respect for autonomy. The confusion of the nature of guardianship and that of legal capacity is the main reason for this full connection, which is further intensified by the partial overlapping of the two institutions in their objectives, potential beneficiaries, and time effect as well as by the ambiguity of the concept of “guardianship”. According to the idea of modern guardianship, the guardianship system should strike a balance between the protection of vulnerable persons and the respect for their autonomy. The future Civil Code should realize the partial disconnection between the institution of guardianship and that of legal capacity: on the one hand, a special procedure is needed for the guardianship in order to create independent criteria for its application; on the other hand, a pluralistic guardianship system that includes independent decisionmaking, supported decisionmaking and surrogate decisionmaking, should be established to improve the classification of legal capacity.
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