陕西紫阳诉讼档案中的清代土地交易规范及其私法理念
汪世荣陕西紫阳诉讼档案中的清代土地交易规范及其私法理念
Land Transaction Norms and Private Law Ideas in Ziyang CountyLitigation Archives of the Qing Dynasty
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：汪世荣
单位：西北政法大学法治学院
中文关键词：紫阳诉讼档案;土地交易规范;私法理念
英文关键词：Ziyang County Litigation Archives; land transaction norms; private law ideas
中文摘要：
陕西省档案馆保存的“紫阳县正堂”诉讼档案系当事人起诉到官府的土地纠纷案例，其呈现的土地交易规范包括：“买卖由地主为政”，交易应“契明价足”，“不得事后争买”，从交易的启动、程序和结果等层面，既规范了土地交易活动，也与律典、习惯、判例等资料相印证。通过当事人双方呈请，官府批词和判词的申明，土地交易规范在当事人之间、官府和乡民之间被不断强化，得以遵循。交易规范不仅约束交易活动，还规制诉讼程序和裁判结果，进而被社会成员普遍认可。诉讼档案反映的清朝土地交易规范中蕴含的私法理念包括：尊重卖主意愿，保障交易自由；便利产权转移，降低交易成本；预防减少纠纷，维护交易安定；促成守信践诺，优化交易环境。土地交易规范还体现了平衡双方利益的特点，表明中国私法文化具有源头上的内生性，需要高度重视其创造性转化和创新性发展。
英文摘要：
The litigation archives of “The Main Hall of Ziyang County” preserved by Shaanxi Provincial Archives are records of land dispute cases brought by the parties to the governments in the Qing Dynasty. The land transaction norms presented in these archives include: “the landlord determines the transaction”, the transaction should be “clearly priced” and “no dispute over purchase afterwards”. These norms standardized trading activities and corroborated with laws, customs and judicial precedents at the levels of the initiation, the procedure and the result of transaction. Through the petitions of both parties, the government's judgments and its statement in the judgments, land transaction norms had been continuously strengthened and followed by parties, governments and villagers. Transaction norms regulated not only trading activities, but also litigation procedures and adjudicative results and, as such, were generally recognized by members of society. The private law ideas embodied in these land transaction norms include: respecting the will of the selling party, guaranteeing the freedom of transaction, facilitating the transfer of property, reducing transaction costs, preventing and reducing disputes, maintaining the stability of transactions, promoting the keeping of promises and optimizing the trading environment. Land transaction norms also embodied the balancing the interests of both parties, indicating that the Chinese private law culture is endogenous to its sources, and China should attach great importance to its creative transformation and innovative development.
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