宋代故事：一种遵循先例制度的考察

宋代故事：一种遵循先例制度的考察

An Examination of the System of Past Practices in the Song Dynasty

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：张德美
    单位：
    中文关键词：宋代;故事;历史记录;遵循先例
    英文关键词：the Song Dynasty; past practices; historical record; doctrine of precedent
    中文摘要：
    在宋代，故事被称为“例”或“常例”，是除了《宋刑统》、编敕、断例等所谓制定法之外，另一种非常重要的法律渊源。宋代故事通常由史官编撰，记录的是某些过去的事实或某些过去的制度安排，这一特点使故事不论在形式上还是在内容上，都有别于现代意义的制定法和习惯法。宋代故事依时间维度可以分为前代故事、祖宗故事和先朝故事，每遇大事检讨故事几乎成为宋代君臣的一种自觉。不循故事的情形也是有的，对故事的变更往往又会形成新的故事。宋代故事的效力来源，并不在于人们摹仿、遵行故事的实际行为，而在于人们已经把故事当作必须遵守的法制的一部分。而以故事为依归，也给宋代君王的政治统治带来了权威性、连贯性和统一性，在某种程度上克服了人亡政息的弊端，这是我们在考察宋代乃至整个中国古代政治法律制度时不可忽视的一个地方。
    英文摘要：
    In the Song Dynasty, past practices, also called precedents, were very important sources of law besides so-called statutory laws, such as the Penal Code, edicts and decrees. Past practices were usually compiled by official historians to record some facts or institutional arrangements in the past, which made them different from the modern statutory law and customary law both in form and in content. According to the time dimension, the past practices of the Song Dynasty can be divided into the practices of the previous generation, the practices of ancestors and the practices of the previous dynasties. Reviewing the past practices almost became a kind of self-consciousness when the emperor and his subjects met with great events in the Song Dynasty. However, sometimes the past practices were not followed. Then the change might be regarded as a new practice by later generations. The legal effect of past practices in the Song Dynasty did not lie in the actual acts of people imitating and obeying the past practices, but in the fact that people had taken them as part of the legal system that must be obeyed. Relying on past practices brought authority, coherence and unity to the political rule of the emperors of the Song Dynasty and, to some extent, overcame the drawbacks of the rule of man, which should not be ignored when we investigate the political and legal systems in the Song Dynasty and even in the whole ancient Chinese history.
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