嗣后财产灭失、相反行为与遗嘱效力
刘征峰嗣后财产灭失、相反行为与遗嘱效力
Subsequent Extinction of Property, Contradictory Act and Validity of Will
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：刘征峰
单位：
中文关键词：相反行为;特定财产;遗嘱撤回
英文关键词：contradictory act; specific property; revocation of will
中文摘要：
遗嘱处分在遗产法定移转对象和遗嘱继承人或者受遗赠人之间形成法定的债权债务关系。根据所处分对象的差异可分为概括性处分、种类财产型处分和特定财产型处分。只有特定财产型处分中才可能因遗产中无该特定财产而生债务履行不能问题。至于履行不能之效果，在债法免除给付义务效果之外作无效或者不生效之特殊处理实无必要。宜将特定财产的灭失分为遗嘱人行为所导致的财产灭失和其他法律事实所导致的财产灭失。前一种情形需要首先判断是否适用相反行为规范，再考虑给付义务免除问题。后一情形中不能类推适用物上代位规范，只能通过意思表示解释缓和给付义务免除的严苛效果。相反行为规范在性质上属于可反驳的推定性规范。行为与撤回意思表示之间是否存在高度盖然性，是具体类型判断的基准。这一标准在代理、法律行为解消等复杂场合均有适用空间。相反行为不应仅局限于针对特定财产的法律行为，还应涵盖离婚、解除收养关系等其他法律行为。准法律行为、事实行为和其他法律上的行为亦有通过法律续造纳入相反行为的可能。
英文摘要：
Testamentary dispositions create statutory debts between transferee by operation of law and heir by will or devisee. According to the differences among objects, these dispositions may be divided into three categories:general disposition, generic disposition and specific disposition. Only in specific disposition does the impossibility of performance occur if its subject-matter has ceased to exist as a part of the testator's property at his death. As for the effect of the impossibility of performance, it is not necessary to make a special provision of invalidity different from the exclusion of the duty of performance in the law of obligation. There are two types of extinction:one caused by the act of the testator and the other by other legal facts. In the former case, it is absolutely essential to firstly determine whether the contradictory norm applies, and then deliberate on whether to exclude the duty of performance. In the latter case, the established norms of subrogation in rem cannot be applied by analogy. Interpretation of will is the only way to mitigate the stringent effects of exclusion. The norm of the contradictory act is a rebuttable presumption in nature. Whether there is a high degree of probability between the act and the intention of revocation constitutes the criterion for the judgment in specific situations, even in complex occasions such as agency and void of juristic acts. The contradictory act should not be limited to juristic acts against specific property, but cover other juristic acts such as divorce and termination of adoption. Besides, quasi-juristic acts, factual behavior and acts under other branch laws may also be incorporated into contradictory acts through judge-made law.
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