主观权利概念之理论检讨——以胎儿的民事权利能力问题为中心
陈帮锋主观权利概念之理论检讨——以胎儿的民事权利能力问题为中心
A Theoretical Review of the Concept of Subjective Rights
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：陈帮锋
单位：
中文关键词：胎儿;权利能力;约束状态;主观权利
英文关键词：fetus; rights capacity; estados de vincula??o; subjective rights
中文摘要：
我国学者对民法典第16条规定的“胎儿视为具有民事权利能力”已有多种解读，但仍有可改进之处。学者在分析这一问题时无法摆脱权利概念的影响，均不自觉地遵循由权利能力到权利的形式逻辑，导致胎儿是否具有权利能力成为理论焦点。然而，权利概念在这种利益主体未确定存在的场合欠缺解释力，依该理论解释胎儿利益保护问题，反而会破坏其体系上的稳定性、逻辑上的周延性。不妨坦然接受权利概念之不足，于其力有未逮之处，以属于客观法范畴的约束状态概念予以弥补，形成主观权利与客观法、权利与约束状态两套概念体系并驾齐驱之势。在利益主体确定存在的场合，以权利概念叙述之；而对于利益主体缺位的情形，则以约束状态概念指称之。就约束状态而言，虽无利益主体但其利益已处于法律保护之下，利益主体出现后始转为权利。在约束状态中，莫问是否有权利能力、是否为权利主体、是何种法律关系。除了出生前利益保护问题之外，死者利益保护、法人成立前利益保护等问题都有适用约束状态概念的余地。
英文摘要：
Chinese scholars have given a number of different interpretations to the provision of "a fetus is deemed as having the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights" in Article 16 of the Civil Code, but there is still room for improvement in the interpretation to this provision. It seems that scholars are unable to rid themselves of the influence of the concept system of rights when analyzing this issue, and they all unconsciously follow the formal logic path from rights capacity to rights, which leads to the theoretical focus on the question of whether the fetus has rights capacity. However, the concept system of rights lacks explanatory power in the situation where the subject does not exist definitely. The far-fetched use of the concept to explain the protection of fetal interests will destroy the stability and logical continuity of the system. We may accept the deficiency of the concept system of rights, and make up for it with the concept of estados de vincula??o (state of constraint), which belongs to the category of objective law, so as to create a situation in which the two concept systems, namely the system of subjective rights and objective law and the system of rights and estados de vincula??o, go hand in hand. When the subject exists, it is described by the concept of right; when the subject is absent, it is defined by the concept of estados de vincula??o. As far as estados de vincula??o is concerned, although there is no subject, the interest is still under the protection of law. After the subject appears, it becomes a right. In the concept of estados de vincula??o, no question is asked about whether one has the rights capacity, whether one is the subject of rights, or what kind of legal relationship one has. Besides the protection of the interests before birth, the concept of estados de vincula??o can also be applied to the protection of the interests of the deceased and the interests before the establishment of the legal person.
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