保险法安全维护义务的体系定位与规则重塑
马宁保险法安全维护义务的体系定位与规则重塑
System Orientation and Rule Reconstruction of Safety Maintenance Obligation in Insurance Law
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：马宁
单位：
中文关键词：风险治理;安全维护义务;解除合同;保险责任;比例责任
英文关键词：risk governance; safety maintenance obligation; termination of contract; insurance liability; proportional liability
中文摘要：
除了损害填补合同的基本属性，保险还具有参与社会治理的风险规制工具的附加属性，这要求在保险法体系中融入促进风险治理的理念，并完善作为风险治理核心技术的安全维护义务。立法应限定安全维护义务的内容边界与表述方式，引入内容重要性与明确性要件，前者为足以影响保险人决定是否承保或提高保险费率，后者为足以确定具体风险（变动）类型与范围。当被保险人违反安全维护义务而保险事故尚未发生时，保险人有权要求增加保费或解除合同，但必须满足催告被保险人履行安全维护义务的前置条件，而保险人合同解除权的行使无须设定主观要件与因果关系要件。若保险事故已经发生，则应严格限制保险责任的免除，设定包含故意和重大过失的主观要件与因果关系要件，并在重大过失情况下适当引入比例责任。
英文摘要：
In addition to the basic attribute of damage-filling contracts, insurance also has the additional attribute of risk regulation tool, which requires integrating the idea of risk governance into the insurance contract law system, and improving the safety maintenance obligation as the core technique of risk governance. Legislation should define the content boundaries and expression methods of safety maintenance obligations, and introduce elements of content importance and clarity. The former is sufficient to influence the insurer's decision on whether to underwrite or increase the insurance premium, and the latter is sufficient to determine the specific risk (change) type and scope. When the insured violates the safety maintenance obligation and the insurance accident has not occurred, the insurer has the right to request an increase in premiums or terminate the contract, but the preconditions of urging the insured to perform the safety maintenance obligations must be met, and meanwhile, there is no need to set the preconditions of subjective and causal factors for the exercise of the insurer's right to terminate the contract. If the insured accident has occurred, the exemption of insurance liability should be strictly limited, the preconditions of subjective elements and causal elements, including intention and gross negligence, should be set, and proportional liability should be introduced in the case of gross negligence.
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