民法典所有权保留之担保权构成
纪海龙民法典所有权保留之担保权构成
Retention of Ownership under the Chinese Civil Code as Retention of Security Right
期刊名称：《法学研究》
期刊年份：
作者：纪海龙
单位：北京大学法学院
中文关键词：所有权保留;取回权;回赎权;担保权保留
英文关键词：retention of ownership; right of retaking; right of redemption; retention of security right
中文摘要：
我国现行法下关于所有权保留的规则之间存在矛盾，对此应秉持民法典优于司法解释以及后法优于前法的原则解释。对于民法典以及“担保制度解释”中的相关实质规则，所有权保留之所有权构成说无法提供令人满意的解释方案，担保权构成说可顺畅解释。所有权保留的担保权构成更有利于实现物尽其用以及出卖人赚取价款的真实意图。我国现行法下的矛盾规定源于规则和学理的混合继受。民法典下所有权保留规则的继受史，揭示了这些规则间接继受自1918年《美国统一附条件买卖法》下的担保权构成，实质规则体现的是标的物被交付后保留卖主只享有担保权，但学理和民法典前司法解释的起草者却用德国的所有权构成加以解释。就担保权的产生而言，是保留卖主交付标的物的同时在标的物上保留担保物权，而非保留买主取得标的物后为保留卖主设定担保权。现行法下保留卖主和保留买主的法律地位以及所有权保留在破产和强制执行等情形中的处理，均应以担保权构成作为前提进行解释和设计。
英文摘要：
There are contradictions among the various provisions on the retention of ownership in the current Chinese law. Such contradictions should be solved in accordance with the principle that the Chinese Civil Code prevails over judicial interpretations and lex postrtior derogates lex prori. The doctrine that the retained ownership should be qualified as true ownership (the “Ownership Doctrine”) cannot provide a satisfactory interpretation of the relevant substantive rules in the Chinese Civil Code and the latest judicial interpretation regarding security institutions, while the doctrine that the retained ownership should be qualified as security property right (the “Security Doctrine”) can interpret these rules satisfactorily. The Security Doctrine is more likely to achieve the best utilization of the sold asset and the true intent of the seller to earn the price. The contradictions among relevant provisions in the current Chinese law stem from the mixed reception of rules and doctrine. The rules regarding retention of ownership under the Chinese law originated indirectly from the 1918 U.S. Uniform Conditional Sale Act, which in substance adopted the chattel mortgage doctrine of the conditional sale. However, the Chinese legal doctrine and the rule makers before the adoption of the Chinese Civil Code interpreted these rules pursuant to the Ownership Doctrine adopted from the German civil law. According to the Security Doctrine, the seller’s security right under the retention of ownership transaction is created by the seller retaining the security right when transferring ownership of the asset to the buyer, not by the buyer granting the security right to the seller. The legal positions of the seller and the buyer under retention of ownership transaction in various situations, such as insolvency and enforcement, etc., should be interpreted and designed in accordance with the Security Doctrine accordingly.
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