养老机构人身损害赔偿责任之过错认定

养老机构人身损害赔偿责任之过错认定

Determination of Faultinthe Compensatory Liability of Elderly CareInstitutionsfor PersonalInjuries

    期刊名称：《法学研究》
    期刊年份：
    作者：徐银波
    单位：
    中文关键词：人身损害;养老服务合同;过错认定的客观化;事实自证
    英文关键词：personal injury; elderly care service contract; objectivity of fault determination; res ipsa loquitur
    中文摘要：
    因体质脆弱的老年人易发生损害事故，公平裁判养老机构多发的人身损害赔偿纠纷，就成为达致保护老年人合法权益与保障养老产业健康发展之平衡的关键。养老机构并非入住老人人身安全的保险人，应当仅在过错未尽照护义务时才承担责任。不同于一般侵权行为着眼于判断行为人在损害发生之时点的行为有无过错，基于养老服务是以维护老年人生活质量为目的之继续性、劳动密集型服务，应综合“结构—过程—结果”而贯穿养老服务合同关系始终，从“硬件、软件、环境、主体”四个维度分析养老机构应当预见和防范的风险，在尊重老年人人格尊严的前提下，综合考量法律规定、国家和行业标准、合同约定以及老年人身心状况之需求，认定养老机构有无过错。针对受害人举证困境以及司法虚化过错认定之现状，可以通过明确养老机构的义务以及推定过错、事实自证等过错认定客观化路径，为司法明确标准，为养老机构的规范运行提供指引。
    英文摘要：
    Due to the frailty and vulnerability of the elderly, the fair trial of personal injury cases, which occur frequently in elderly care institutions, has become the key to balancing the rights of the elderly and the development of the elderly care industry. An elderly care institution is not an insurer of the personal safety of its residents, but liable for damages only when it fails to exercise reasonable care to avoid injuries to its residents. In ordinary tort cases, the court generally focuses on determining whether the defendant was at fault at the time when the injury occurred. However, since elderly care is a continuous and labor-intensive service aimed at maintaining the quality of life of the elderly, the court should consider the “structure, process and outcome” of the service in the elderly care contract relationship, analyze the risks that an elderly care institution should foresee and prevent from the dimensions of “hardware, software, environment and subjects”, and determine whether the elderly care institution is in fault by taking into comprehensive consideration, including the statutory standard, the national and industrial standards, the provisions of the contract, and the physical and mental conditions as well as the dignity of the residents. In view of the dilemma faced by the victim in adducing evidence and the chaos of judicial determination of fault, China should adopt such objective paths to the determination of fault as defining the obligations of elderly care institutions, presumption of fault, and res ipsa loquitur, so as to clarify the standards for the court and guide elderly care institutions to standardize their operation.
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